We have previously showed that the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW) is the main site of the corticotropin-releasing factor peptide family member urocortin 1 (Ucn1) and that this peptide undergoes conspicuous expression changes in response to various stressors. 
Double-labeling experiments revealed nNOS/ChAT-positive cells in (1) the diencephalon: the preoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, the habenula, the dorsal thalamus, and the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus; (2) the mesencephalon: the optic tectum, the mesencephalic portion of the trigeminal nucleus, the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus; and (3) the rhombencephalon: the secondary gustatory nucleus, the nucleus isthmi, the lateral lemniscus nucleus, the cerebellum, the reticular formation, different nuclei of the octaval column, the motor zone of the vagal lobe, and the trigeminal, facial, abducens, glosso-pharyngeal, vagal, and hypobranchial motor nuclei.
Additionally, outside of the hypothalamus, labeling was observed in the thalamic parafascicular nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, locus coeruleus, ventral raphe system, nucleus of solitary tract and in the preganglionic sympathetic intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord, and the pituitary anterior and intermediate lobes.
The primate Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) contains perioculomotor preganglionic (pIII(PG)) motoneurons that control the lens and pupil.
There is a distinct population of CART neurons located in the vicinity of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain that also colocalize urocortin-1. Stereological analysis of CART immunostaining at five levels of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus indicated little effect of E or E+P administration on the area of CART immunostaining.
central extended amygdala (CeA) and dorsolateral nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTdl) as well as that for Ucn1 in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW).
Infection of the iris with pseudorabies virus (PRV) results in retrograde transneuronal label of OPN projection neurons that innervate preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus; PRV-labeled cells were located almost exclusively within the terminal field of M1 ipRGCs in the periphery (shell) of the OPN.
In mice over-expressing neuronal CRF (an animal model for depression) the expression of urocortin 1 (Ucn1) in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW) is strongly down-regulated.
CARTp-immunoreactive cells occur in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, septum, striatum, nucleus of Bellonci, ventrolateral nucleus, central thalamic nucleus, preoptic nuclei, and suprachiasmatic nucleus, and particularly in the medial pallium, ventromedial nucleus, hypothalamus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, optic tectum, raphe nuclei, central gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and spinal cord.
The name Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) is kept for the cytoarchitecturally defined cell group traditionally considered as the location of preganglionic neurons of the ciliary ganglion.
Most urocortin-positive (urocortin(+)) neurons in rodents are found in the cytoarchitecturally defined Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW).
Perioculomotor urocortin-containing neurons (pIIIu), also known as the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus, are the major source of Ucn1 in the brain and are known to innervate the lateral septum.
A model to reproducibly stimulate accommodation through central stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus was developed.
Modafinil reduced the light reflex amplitude, suggesting an increase in the inhibitory input at the pupilloconstrictor Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
To clarify this issue, we investigated the co-localization of FGF1 with cholinergic neuron markers in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN), salivatory nucleus, DMNV, and sacral parasympathetic nucleus by double immunofluorescence using antibodies to FGF1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).
Previously, in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW), moderate immunostaining of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) was demonstrated, whereas estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) was found to be more abundant.
Immunohistochemical studies revealed nesfatin-1-immunoreactive (irNEF) cells in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and caudal raphe nuclei of the rats, in addition to the hypothalamus and NTS reported in the initial study. In the brainstem, irNEF neurons were choline acetyltransferase positive in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; tyrosine hydroxylase positive in the NTS; and 5-hydroxytryptamine positive in the caudal raphe nucleus.
Significant differences were found between lines in the number of Ucn1-containing cells in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW, the main source of Ucn1 in the brain); with the ISS mice having more cells.
In addition, nonstressed levels of urocortin (UCN) I mRNA expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus were significantly inhibited in HF-fed rats.
The majority of cholinergic nuclei typically found in mammals were evident in the microbat, however we could not find evidence for choline-acetyltransferase immunopositive neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, parabigeminal nucleus, and the medullary tegmental field, as seen in several other mammalian species.
This mini-review aims to summarize our recent data and research by others indicating that an important role is played by Ucn1 in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW).
In rats, urocortin 1, a corticotropin-releasing factor-like peptide, is expressed mainly in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus. We investigated the number of neurons immunoreactive for urocortin 1 at three different levels of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in female rats by immunohistochemistry. These results indicate that the hormonal status of the female rat affects urocortin 1 immunoreactive neurons in the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus and its signaling to target brain areas..
METHODS: Pilocarpine and atropine were applied topically to manipulate resting refraction, accommodative amplitude, starting point, and end point in two monkeys with permanent electrodes in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
An immunocytochemical assay revealed reduced c-fos expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus following CPF treatment, a critical brain area that has been implicated in ethanol intake and sedation.
Ucn1 is abundantly expressed in the nonpreganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW), where it is codistributed with NPY-immunoreactive (ir) terminals.
Similarly, Ucn1 mRNA primarily localized to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in all four vole species.
The sedation may be related to the removal of the dopaminergic excitation of the locus coeruleus (via the meso-coerulear pathway), whereas the pupil dilatation may be due to the removal of the dopaminergic excitation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (via a putative meso-pupillomotor pathway).
Ethanol administration induced a clear conditioned place preference and widespread c-fos expression, with elements of the extended amygdala, Edinger-Westphal nucleus and paraventricular nucleus being especially sensitive.
Although the NPB precursor is mostly expressed at low levels in the brain, moderate expression is seen in anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, median preoptic nucleus, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, medial tuberal nucleus, substantia nigra, dorsal raphe nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and the locus coeruleus.
NPW-immunoreactive (ir) cells were detected in the ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray, and Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Classically, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is described as containing neurons controlling accommodation and pupillary constriction via projections to the ciliary ganglion. However, in several species including rat, some Edinger-Westphal neurons have ascending or descending CNS projections suggesting that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus might also have non-ocular functions. The position of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus was determined using an immunohistochemical procedure directed at the peptide Urocortin, which is expressed in Edinger-Westphal neurons. In conclusion, the rat Edinger-Westphal nucleus contains two separate types of neurons with distinct electrophysiological properties..
The natural occurrence of a polyadenylated intron-retained urocortin 1 RNA was further documented by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR), primed with oligo(dT), of total RNA extracted from three brain regions, a midbrain region containing the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex.
The dorsomedial part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus showed 5.9 times more NPY-ir cells and in the ventromedial thalamic area a lower number of NPY-ir cells (-33.6%) was found, whereas the Edinger-Westphal nucleus contained fewer CART-ir cells (-42.2%); no effect of starvation was seen in the ventral hypothalamic nucleus.
The sedative effect of pramipexole and the autonomic effects of modafinil are consistent with altered activity in the mesocoerulear pathway; the pupil dilatation following pramipexole suggests reduced dopaminergic excitation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus..
Accommodation was stimulated through the full amplitude available to each eye by stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the brain.
The midbrain-localized Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a major site of production of urocortin 1. In several mouse models, the amount of urocortin 1 neurons within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is positively associated with ethanol preference. It is possible that brain areas such as the dorsal raphe, which receives urocortin 1 from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and highly expresses corticotropin-releasing factor type-2 receptors, mediate the actions of urocortin 1 on feeding and ethanol preference. In addition, it is suggested that endogenous urocortin 1 in this area, such as from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, does not regulate ethanol preference in C57BL/6J mice..
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) produces several neuropeptides, including urocortin 1 and cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript, which regulate feeding, energy balance, and anxiety.
The present study was designed to assess whether the c-Fos expression that occurs in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) after EtOH administration is independent of the hypothermia or any stress effects that occur.
BACKGROUND: Ethanol administration and consumption selectively activates the urocortin 1 (Ucn1)-expressing neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Ucn1 immunoreactivity was measured in the lateral septum, dorsal raphe, and Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Acute heroin increased Fos-IR in drug-naïve rats in the caudate-putamen (CPu; central, medial and dorsomedial regions), nucleus accumbens (NAC; core and shell regions), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), lateral septum, central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), periaqueductal grey (PAG; dorsolateral, dorsomedial, and lateral), and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Among mice drinking ethanol, an increase in c-Fos expression was seen in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and a decrease in c-Fos expression was seen in the cingulate cortex, ventral tegmental area, lateral and medial septum, CA1 region of the hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala.
It was shown that the urocortin 1-positive neurons are located within the area identified as the Edinger-Westphal nucleus according to the human brain stem atlas, and that the neurons identified as Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the atlas are not choline acetyltransferase-positive. They indicate that the neurons identified as Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the human brain stem atlas belong to the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whereas the location of preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus remains unidentified..
The urocortin1 (Ucn1) neurons of the mid-brain-localized Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) are robustly responsive to ethanol (EtOH) administration, and send projections to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which contains corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptors (CRF2) that are responsive to Ucn1.
Acute administration of heroin in vehicle pretreated rats increased Fos-IR in the central, medial, and dorsomedial caudate putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens (NAC, core and shell regions), lateral septum, islands of Calleja-major (ICjM), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), dorsolateral and dorsomedial periaqueductal gray (PAG), ventral tegmental area (VTA), Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW).
Urocortin 1 (Ucn1) neurons, most abundantly expressed in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-WN), respond to various acute challenges.
In both strains, the highest number of urocortin 1-positive neurons was observed in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and lateral superior olive. Further, we found that in both mouse strains, urocortin 1 in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and choline acetyltransferase are not coexpressed. We show that the urocortin 1-positive neurons of this brain area form a separate population of cells that we propose to be called the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus..
laevis brain, the main site of UCN1-positive somata was found to be the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
The PVT-projecting neurons showing CCK immunoreactivity were detected in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and ventral mesencephalic periaqueductal gray, including the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Sources of SP afferents to the PVT were detected in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the mesopontine tegmentum and the medullary raphe nucleus.
In addition, strong hybridization signals were localized in various nuclei: main and accessory olfactory bulb, compact part of the substantia nigra, pontine gray matter, tegmental reticular nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, locus coeruleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, raphe nuclei, facial nucleus, ambiguus nucleus, dorsal motor vagal nucleus, and inferior olivary nucleus.
In addition, arcuate nucleus, hypothalamic periventricular nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and the rostral aspect of the dorsal raphe nucleus contained cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive cell profiles.
Maximum accommodation was centrally stimulated via the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in monkeys with a 4 s on, 4 s off paradigm (4 x 4) for 17 min, 4 x 1.5 for 27 min and 2 x 1 for 16 min.
Morphine increased Fos-IR in several brain regions including the caudate-putamen (CPu), cortex (cingulate, insular and piriform), nucleus accumbens (NAS) shell, lateral septum (LS), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), medial preoptic nucleus (MPO), hypothalamus (paraventricular, dorsomedial and ventromedial), paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV), amygdala (central and basolateral nuclei), dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and Edinger-Westphal nucleus. SR 141716 alone increased Fos-IR in the cortex (cingulate, insular and piriform), NAS (shell), LS, BNST, hypothalamus (paraventricular, dorsomedial and ventromedial), PV, amygdala (central, basolateral and medial nuclei), VTA, and Edinger-Westphal nucleus. SR 141716 attenuated morphine-induced Fos-IR in several regions including the CPu, cortex, NAS (shell), LS, MnPO, MPO, paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamus, PV, basolateral amygdala, VTA, and Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW).
Ucn's distribution in the rat brain has been demonstrated, with the most abundant Ucn-immunoreactive perikarya present in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-WN).
This investigation was extended to include the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus area (EW), the latter being one of the major cellular Ucn-expressing sites.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) is a brain region that has recently been implicated as an important novel neural target for ethanol.
Twelve hours after the beginning of experimental tooth movement, c-Fos was expressed bilaterally in the superficial laminae of Vc (Vc I/II), dorsomedial areas of the trigeminal subnucleus oralis (Vodm) and rostro-dorsomedial areas of the trigeminal subnucleus oralis (Vor) with the ipsilaterally dominant distribution, but hardly in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW).
In the mesencephalon, many cells were stained in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and a few in the optic tectum, where fibers were stained in all plexiform layers.
The latter reduces parasympathetic neuronal tone to the iris sphincter muscle by stimulation of postsynaptic alpha(2)-adrenoceptors within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
It was observed that infection in preganglionic autonomic nuclei (i.e., Edinger-Westphal nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus, and intermediolateral nucleus) precedes infection in the SCN. Sympathetic superior cervical ganglionectomy did not abolish label in the SCN after intraocular infection, nor did lesions of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. However, combined Edinger-Westphal nucleus ablation and superior cervical ganglionectomy eliminated infection of the SCN.
Stressors recruit Ucn-immunoreactive neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-WN), which is the major site of Ucn expression.
LY354740 administration significantly increased c-Fos expression in specific limbic regions, including the lateral division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL), lateral parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, and Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whether or not animals were exposed to the EPM.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN) is a central preganglionic parasympathetic cell group that gives rise to cholinergic input to the ciliary ganglion, thereby regulating several neurovegetative ocular functions.
Ucn is most abundantly expressed in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-WN), co-distributed with catecholaminergic terminals.
On the basis of clinical findings alone, we could not establish whether the precise location of the lesion was all the subdivisions of the oculomotor nucleus except the Edinger-Westphal nucleus or the central caudal nucleus and bilateral fascicles.
However, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) appears to be the only brain site where UCN expression is conserved across species.
Additional areas of activation included the granular dentate gyrus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and periaqueductal gray.
Drinking a 5% ethanol/10% sucrose solution in a 30 min limited access procedure led to induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in urocortin (Ucn)-positive cells of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), suppression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the dorsal portion of the lateral septum (LS) of both strains of mice, and strain-specific suppression in the intermediate portion of the LS and the CA3 hippocampal region.
In the midbrain, N(2)O caused significant dose-related c-Fos expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), anteromedian nucleus (AM) and adjacent neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are sources of preganglionic parasympathetic innervation of intraocular smooth muscle, including blood vessels, pupillary muscle and the ciliary body in mammals.
Urocortin's distribution in the rat's brain has been demonstrated, with the most abundant urocortin-ir perikarya present in Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript is widely expressed in the rat brain, with a dominant seat of cellular expression also in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Since immediate early gene expressions were seen in several midbrain regions, such as in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, following various acute stresses, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus has been postulated to exert a regulatory/modulatory control over stress responses. Based on these data we decided to investigate the possible colocalization of urocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript-ir in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus using semithin double-label immunofluorescence technique. Our experiments revealed that urocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript immunoreactivities colocalize in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. In addition, our studies using the inducible immediate early gene c-fos as a marker of activated neurons demonstrated a significant stress-induced activation in perikarya colocalizing urocortin- and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript-ir in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Expression of c-Fos was also significantly increased in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus following acute thermal exposures versus control mice, but not versus mice repeatedly exposed to cold and hot temperatures, providing modest support for thermal specificity of c-Fos response in this nucleus.
Expression of c-Fos was significantly higher in the alcohol/sucrose group than both the water and sucrose groups in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and significantly lower in the alcohol/sucrose group than two control groups in hippocampal subregions, posterior hypothalamus and dorsal lateral septum. Double immunohistochemistry showed that alcohol-induced c-Fos-positive cells in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus co-localized with the neuropeptide urocortin. Brain regions showing alcohol-specific changes in c-Fos expression after this procedure can be connected into a novel neurocircuit, including lateral septum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus..
The great majority of Ucn-immunoreactive perikarya was seen in the anterior preoptic area, ventromedial thalamic nucleus, posterior tuberculum, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
On E18 and E20, only the Edinger-Westphal nucleus exhibited a strong CART staining as described in the adult brain.
Ucn may modulate the acoustic startle response through the Ucn-expressing neuron projections from the region of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus..
Strikingly few of these neurons are actually found within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus proper.
The distribution of AMPA-type glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits was studied in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) of chicks and pigeons.
Mapping inducible transcription factors has shown that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is preferentially sensitive to alcohol intoxication.
Furthermore, gamma-synuclein was localized in the terminals and in cell bodies of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the red nucleus, locus coeruleus, and most cranial nerve-related nuclei.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is the primary source of urocortin in rodent brain. Mapping of inducible transcription factors has shown that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is preferentially sensitive to ethanol self-administration. Subsequent histological analysis confirmed a lower number of large neurons in the DBA/2J Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
The mesencephalon contained TRHir cells in the rostrodorsal tegmentum, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the torus semicircularis, and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
Neurons in a subset of retinorecipient nuclei [ i.e., suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), intergeniculate leaflet, olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), and lateral terminal nucleus] and autonomic nuclei [ i.e., paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW)] are labeled by late stages of infection.
Two bilateral oblique transections were performed by aiming through the dorsal edge of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus at an angle of 50 degrees from the horizontal plane and vertical to the frontal plane.
For EtOH, prominent Fos-LI induction was found in the central amygdala, dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and paraventricular hypothalamus.
At longer postinoculation intervals, infected neurons were found in additional hypothalamic areas, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, periaqueductal gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and area postrema.
In the medial rectus distal injections, a "C-group extension" extended up to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and labeled dendrites within the supraoculomotor area.
Edinger-Westphal nucleus, locus ceruleus, and dorsal vagal nucleus. Neuronal loss was found in above-mentioned sites, except for Edinger-Westphal nucleus and intermediolateral nucleus.
The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related cytoskeletal changes and beta-amyloid deposits in this nucleus were examined in 30 autopsy cases and compared to the involvement of three associated nuclei - Edinger-Westphal nucleus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch and interstitial nucleus of Cajal. In the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, in the nucleus of Darkschewitsch and most markedly in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the pathological changes were significantly less severe than those in the riMLF.
RESULTS: In this paradigm, ethanol dose-dependently increased c-Fos expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) and decreased expression in the dorsal tenia tecta compared with no-ethanol controls.
beta-Neuregulin-1 transcripts are expressed in the midbrain preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus at developmental stages that coincide with or precede the normal onset of macroscopic K(Ca) in CG neurons.
A slight but statistically significant increase in c-Fos expression was found in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) of animals consuming 2% ethanol/10% sucrose for the first time.
In the brainstem, Y5 immunoreactivity was most intense in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, locus coeruleus and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus.The present study provides neuroanatomical evidence for the possible sites of action of the neuropeptide Y/Y5 receptor system in the control of cortical/limbic function.
UCN mRNA expression is highest in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and lateral superior olive, with the most prominent terminal fields found in the lateral septum.
This distribution of c-Fos expression is consistent with a role of PAG/NRD for antinociception; neurons with intense Fos-like immunoreactivity was also clustered in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW).
Histological examination revealed widespread NIs with neuronal loss in restricted regions; neuronal loss was severe in the subthalamic nucleus, internal pallidum, substantia nigra, Edinger-Westphal nucleus and Purkinje cell layer.
On account of the present observations, it can be concluded that retinal projections to the OPN use SP as a neuromodulator and synapse on NK1 receptor-containing dendrites of large neurons projecting to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
The light-dependence of the miosis indicates that the 5-HT1A receptor agonists can modulate the light reflex, possibly via the noradrenergic control of central cholinergic neurones in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus..
Neither CRF nor urocortin induced Fos expression in the lateral septal nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, or hypoglossal nucleus.
In marked contrast, urocortin mRNA expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and CRF(2A) receptor binding in the lateral septum and ventromedial hypothalamus were increased.
Specifically, c-Fos was significantly induced in the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC), the medial posteroventral portion of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeMPV), and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW).
SNAP-25a RNA transcripts were strongly expressed in the parasympathetic Edinger-Westphal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve but weakly expressed in motor nuclei such as the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, hypoglossal and accessory nuclei and in motoneurons of mouse lumbar spinal cord. In contrast, SNAP-25b RNA transcripts were not detectable in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve but were strongly expressed in the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, hypoglossal, and accessory nuclei and in the motoneurons of mouse lumbar spinal cord.
Normal and CRH-deficient mice have an identical distribution of urocortin mRNA, which is confined to the region of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and is absent from regions known to mediate stress-related behaviors. Since the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is not known to project to any brain regions believed to play a role in anxiety-like behavior, an entirely different pathway must be postulated for urocortin in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to mediate these behaviors in CRH-deficient mice.
Urocortin-like immunoreactivity shows a discrete localization within several regions including the supraoptic nucleus, the median eminence, Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the sphenoid nucleus.
Our observations indicate that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), a known center for the control of pupillary function, is a selective target of Alzheimer pathology early in the course of the disease.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus was small and was made up of elongated oval cell bodies that had a mean length of 33 +/- 5 microns and a mean diameter of 10 +/- 2 microns.
Competitive binding assays demonstrated oUcn to have a high affinity (Ki=0.1 nM) for the sheep CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP) and localization studies by in situ hybridization have shown that the distribution of oUcn messenger RNA in sheep brain shares with that of rUcn in rat brain a predominant locus of expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain, though some secondary sites of expression reported in rat are not conserved.
Seven days after the PRV injections, additional cell groups in the telencephalon (viz., bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial and lateral preoptic areas and medial preoptic nucleus), diencephalon (viz., subincertal nucleus, zona incerta as well as dorsal, dorsomedial, parafascicular, posterior and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei) and midbrain (viz., periaqueductal gray matter, precommissural nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus and ventral tegmental area) were labeled.
Choroidal blood flow (ChBF) in birds is regulated by a neural circuit whose components are the retina, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the medial division of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWM), the ciliary ganglion, and the choriod. Because lesions targeting EWM invariably resulted in damage to the adjoining lateral part of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWL), which controls pupillary constriction and accommodation, two additional control groups were studied.
Isolated multipolar neurons were also found in the periaqueductal gray matter, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the fibre bundles of the oculomotor nerve. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus consisted of the rostral, ventral and dorsal parts; the longest rostrocaudal diameter of this nucleus measured 7.1 mm.
Neurons showing intense urocortin-like immunoreactivity (Ucn-IR) were found immunohistochemically in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), as well as in Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-W), in the rat brain.
The most abundant immunoreactive (ir) perikarya were found in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Some faintly stained axon terminals were observed among urocortin-ir perikarya in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in the central and periaqueductal gray, and in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
The laminar nucleus and Edinger-Westphal nucleus are also identified and described in relation to the ciliary pathway..
The integration occurs at the primary input nucleus, the olivary pretectal nucleus, and at the output nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
In order to investigate whether this effect is due to direct inhibition of preganglionic pupilloconstrictor neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN), we injected opiate agonists into the EWN in male albino Charles River rats.
The pterygopalatine and, to a lesser extent, the ciliary ganglia, but not the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, contained cells immunoreactive to NOS, suggesting that nitroxidergic innervation to pulley SM is mainly from the pterygopalatine ganglion.
However, the olfactory bulb, the anterior olfactory nucleus, the islands of Calleja, the CA1-CA3 fields of the hippocampus, the septohippocampal nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, the basal and cortical amygdaloid nuclei, the entopeduncular nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, the superior colliculus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the dentate nucleus, the raphes linearis and pontis, the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the medial vestibular nucleus, the inferior olive, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve also contained preprodynorphin messenger RNA-synthesizing perikarya.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nuclear complex provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. In 5 of 6 monkeys, label from the olivary nucleus reached the Edinger-Westphal nucleus transneuronally. Transneuronal retinal input to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus mediating pupillary constriction terminates in a single, well-defined cell group in the midbrain..
Increases in the number of labeled cells 1 h postinjection were significant in only a restricted number of nuclei showing low basal expression (Edinger-Westphal nucleus and paraventricular, supraoptic, and lateral hypothalamic nuclei); time-related reductions in staining that were correlated to sleep or quiescence behaviors finally resulted in staining equal to or below that seen in control animals.
Last to arrive in the lumbar cord during the prenatal period, at E21, were fibers from the posterior commissural nucleus, the red nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the paragigantocellular reticular nucleus, the medial vestibular nucleus, Roller's nucleus, and the solitary nucleus.
These include the extended amygdala (including the central nucleus of amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminals and nucleus accumbens), regions processing sensory information (including the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus) and in stress-related areas (including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, nucleus of the solitary tract and several neocortical areas).
The monoclonal antibody 5F10 was used to examine the distribution of PMCA in chick Edinger-Westphal neurons, a population of cholinergic preganglionic neurons whose cells bodies reside in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the brainstem and whose axons form synaptic terminals on parasympathetic neurons in the ciliary ganglion.
We describe the clinical observation of isolated pupil involvement, attributed to a lesion of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus as a consequence of a mesencephalic haematoma in the context of closed craneo-encephalic trauma. We emphasize the importance of our case as being the first time an isolated lesion of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus has been described in topographic relation to a mesencephalic haematoma..
On the basis of high affinity for methyllycaconitine and insensitivity to alpha-bungarotoxin, the nicotinic receptors in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus are unlike any previously described nicotinic receptor subtype..
In addition, there were strong projections to the lateral visceral cell column of the Edinger-Westphal complex (lvc), but not to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) itself.
In situ hybridization with an S35-labeled agrin cRNA probe was used to characterize agrin expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus during development. Agrin mRNA was detected in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus at all time points studied, from embryonic day 7 (E7, Hamburger and Hamilton stage 31) through newly hatched chicks. Agrin mRNA expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus at E7, E8, E9, and E10 was significantly higher than at E12.
Fos-like immunoreactivity that was found in the vocalizing but not in the non-vocalizing animals was located in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, ventrolateral premotor cortex, sensorimotor face cortex, insula, inferior parietal cortex, superior temporal cortex, claustrum, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex, basal amygdaloid nucleus, anterior and dorsomedial hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, lateral habenula, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, ventral and dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum, nucleus cuneiformis, sagulum, pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, ventral raphe, periambigual reticular formation and solitary tract nucleus. lateral habenula, Edinger-Westphal nucleus), the available evidence speaks against such a role.
Stimulation of one or both eyes in these animals suggests that integration occurs not only at the level of the olivary pretectal nucleus, but also downstream in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
In the descending pathway special attention was paid to the fine structural features of the olivary pretectal nucleus efferents projecting to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the periaqueductal gray. To identify the projecting neurons in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, retrograde tracing experiments were performed.
Descending fibres project bilaterally to the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. The fact that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the superior colliculus receive an input from the olivary pretectal nucleus suggests that this primary visual centre is not only involved in the pupillary light reflex, but also in controlling eye and head position and saccadic eye movements.
The first pathway ran into the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and projected to the central gray matter, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, nucleus of the locus ceruleus and parabrachial nucleus.
METHODS: An injection of Wheatgerm Agglutinin/Horseradish peroxidase, a neuroanatomical tracer, was placed under physiological guidance into the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. RESULTS: Following injection of tracer in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, retrogradely labeled cells were found in only one retinorecipient nucleus, the pretectal olivary nucleus. The retinal terminal field in the pretectal olivary nucleus coincided with the location of the cells that were retrogradely labeled by the injection of tracer into the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that there is a direct projection from the pretectum to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, that it arises from only one retinorecipient pretectal nucleus, the pretectal olivary nucleus, and that cells in the pretectal olivary nucleus almost all appear to project to the contralateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus..
We have studied accommodation in the chick eye using electrical stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, electric-field stimulation of enucleated eyes, in vitro measurement of changes in back vertex distance of the lens, and histology.
Following intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (16% w/v), Fos immunoreactivity was induced in several rat brain areas including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the central nucleus of amygdala, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, locus coeruleus nucleus and parabrachial nucleus.
These data are, therefore, consistent and argue strongly that postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the rat cortex and Edinger-Westphal nucleus are of the alpha 2D subtype..
The synaptic location of these receptors was determined using DSP-4 (50 mg/kg x 2, IP) to lesion noradrenergic neurones: this produced a 64% depletion of noradrenaline in the midbrain (containing the Edinger-Westphal nucleus responsible for mydriasis) and reduced the mydriatic effect of methamphetamine (0.75 mg/kg, IP) to a similar extent (72%), whereas clonidine mydriasis remained unaltered.
Current models of the neural substrate for this clinically important light reflex propose that a retinorecipient pretectal nucleus projects bilaterally to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), which contains the parasympathetic, preganglionic neurons controlling pupilloconstriction.
Preprotachykinin A (SP)-expressing cells were found at all levels of the PAG, principally in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the lateral and dorsal PAG. NPY mRNA-producing neurones were localized mainly in some cells of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus.
The present study used single-unit recording and antidromic activation techniques in alert rhesus monkeys to examine the static and dynamic behavior of 21 parasympathetic, preganglionic neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) during ocular accommodation.
In pons and midbrain, Fos-like immunoreactivity was observed in the lateral parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei, the inferior colliculus, the cuneiform nucleus, and in the vicinity of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, but no catecholaminergic or serotoninergic colocalization was observed in these regions.
The results demonstrate that the olivary pretectal nucleus projects bilaterally to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, as well as to the nucleus of the posterior commissure, which itself projects bilaterally to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Since some degree of consensual response remains, this is likely to be due to the bilateral projection from the olivary pretectal nucleus, either directly or indirectly through the nucleus of the posterior commissure, to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. These results show that while the bilateral projection from the olivary pretectal nucleus to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus contributes to the consensual pupillary light reflex, the bilateral retinal projection to the olivary pretectal nucleus is the more determinant component of the pathway.
Analysis of secondary level relay nuclei in the oculomotor pathway revealed that binding after ONX was decreased in the ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus but not in the oculomotor nuclei.
After injection into the ACG, many labeled neurons were observed in the anteromedian nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and midplane between the somatic oculomotor nuclei, their ventral continuations of the ventral tegmental area, and the periaqueductal gray.
In the midbrain, label appeared in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and peripeduncular nucleus on both sides.
The peripheral and central efferent projections of the rostral part of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rat were investigated at the light and electron microscopic level by means of iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and retrograde tracer injections of Fast blue and Nuclear yellow into the facial nucleus and into the principal olive. Two pathways leaving the rostral part of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus were studied, a peripheral and a central descending pathway. These neurons were mainly distributed throughout the rostral part of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and had fusiform cell bodies. The central descending pathway left the Edinger-Westphal nucleus medially and terminated bilaterally in the principal olive, in the subnuclei A, B and C of the inferior olive and ipsilaterally in the medial accessory olive. Projections from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the cerebellar cortex or the deep nuclei, as described in cat and primate, could not be confirmed. The peripheral pathway left the Edinger-Westphal nucleus ventrally and terminated on dendrites of ciliary ganglion cells, along smooth muscle cells of ciliary ganglion associated arterioles and in the proximity of ciliary ganglion associated venules. The central and peripheral terminals that originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus all had similar ultrastructural features: clear, round vesicles and electron dense mitochondria.
To measure nerve terminal responses, intracellular recordings were obtained from the large, calyciform nerve endings in intact ciliary ganglia, which emanate from neurons of the lateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
In the mesencephalic tegmentum, SP-IR neurons were observed in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Furthermore, the other component of the near response system, the preganglionic parasympathetic motoneurons, were confined within the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, as in the monkey.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a structure in which noxious-evoked labelling was superposed onto the anaesthesia-evoked labelling.
Binding was also found in the piriform cortex, the hypophyseal pars tuberalis, the oculomotorius nucleus and the associated Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and in the nuclei of the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves.
In the off-axis animals there was a significant labeling of neurons: in the inferior, medial, and y-group subnuclei of the vestibular complex; in subnuclei of the inferior olive, especially the dorsomedial cell column; in midbrain nuclei, including the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray; in autonomic centers including the solitary nucleus, area postrema, and locus coeruleus; and in reticular nuclei including the lateral reticular nucleus and the lateral parabrachial nucleus.
Cells expressing preprocholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA in the rat midbrain periaqueductal grey area and Edinger-Westphal nucleus were analysed using in situ hybridization combined with liquid emulsion techniques. The first group of cells were large and heavily labelled and were confined to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
In the mesencephalon, labeled cells were found in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus, and central grey matter.
This is the first such case to be reported in which the site of the lesion responsible for the pupillomotor impairment was the Edinger-Westphal nucleus..
Immunocytochemical study using anti-phosphorylated tau and anti-ubiquitin antibodies in conjunction with ultrastructural observations revealed two types of inclusions: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, locus coeruleus, cerebellar dentate nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, and posterior horn of the spinal cord; and Pick bodies (PBs) in the atrophied cerebral cortex and red nucleus.
Fastigial nucleus injections labelled terminals in a band along the border between the oculomotor nucleus and the supraoculomotor area that included the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Injections of the posterior interposed nucleus labelled terminals in the portion of the supraoculomotor area dorsal to the fastigial projection and did not involve the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Eight brain regions were chosen for binding characterization and pharmacological analysis: optic tectum, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, nucleus rotundus, ventral supraoptic decussation, ventrolateral geniculate nucleus, neostriatum, and ectostriatum.
Pressure or iontophoretic injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, or of Fluoro-Gold, placed into the PGi of the rat retrogradely labeled a substantial number of neurons in the PAG from the level of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the caudal midbrain.
Since the ciliary muscle plays a major role in controlling both outflow facility and accommodation, and since histologic and videographic techniques demonstrate an age-related decline in rhesus ciliary muscle excursion induced by topical pilocarpine or electrical stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the present data support the hypothesis that an age-related decline in ciliary muscle mobility is associated, perhaps causally, with an age-related decline in facility and facility responsiveness to cholinergic drugs..
Embryologically, basal ganglia and oculomotor nuclei develop at the same time, and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus develops later.
Shortly thereafter, in the PRP-treated eyes, accommodative responsiveness to topical eserine and electrical stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN) was diminished, accommodative responsiveness to intramuscular (i.m.) pilocarpine was enhanced, and the number of muscarinic receptors in the ciliary muscle was reduced compared to the contralateral controls.
This study used neuroanatomical techniques to investigate sources of afferents to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) of the pigeon.
Such neurons were present in the olfactory bulb, olfactory nuclei, layers II-III and V-VI of the cerebral cortex, amygdaloid nuclei, subiculum, hippocampus, claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, several hypothalamic nuclei, most of the thalamic nuclei, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, interfascicularis nucleus, linearis rostralis, central gray, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, superior and inferior colliculi, parabrachial nucleus, reticular formation, raphe nuclei, and spinal trigeminal nucleus.
Pupillary diameter was measured under dissecting microscope before and up to 24 h after injection of TTX (10 ng/l microliters saline) into or 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm lateral from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
An increased number of preprocholecystokinin and preprotachykinin-A messenger RNA hybridization positive neurons (+30% and +47%, respectively) in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus was observed following repeated electroconvulsive shock. The results indicate that cholecystokinin- and substance P-containing neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus are activated by repeated electroconvulsive shock, which may be related to the antidepressant and analgesic effects of electroconvulsive shock treatment..
The autopsy examination of 1 patient revealed marked neuronal loss in the oculomotor nucleus with preservation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and neuronal decrease, myelin loss and gliosis of the dorsal midbrain including superior colliculus, pretectum and posterior commissures.
Within the limits of their specificity and precision, the data indicate that biochemical alterations in ciliary neuromuscular mechanisms do not account for the age-related loss of ciliary muscle configurational responses to topical pilocarpine and electrical stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the rhesus monkey..
After injection of DY into the ciliary ganglion, many labelled neurons were found ipsilaterally in the anteromedian nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and the nucleus of Perlia. In contrast, after injection of FB into the medial rectus muscle, labelled cells were found ipsilaterally only in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the visceral nuclei as well as in the somatic ipsilateral nuclei. No double labelling of cells was noted in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, establishing the premise that FB-labelled cells were subserving medial rectus muscle and pupillary/accommodative functions and DY cells were subserving pupillary/accommodative functions independently..
Accommodation induced by electrical stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus averaged approximately 50% less under halothane than under pentobarbital, possibly due to halothane-induced systemic arterial hypotension..
In addition, a moderate number of retrogradely labeled neurons was found in: Edinger-Westphal nucleus, nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, caudal lateral bulbar reticular formation around the nucleus ambiguus and lateral reticular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
The ciliary muscle was functionally denervated, as evidenced by loss of choline acetyltransferase activity, loss of the accommodative response to topical eserine and electrical stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and supersensitivity of the accommodative response to pilocarpine.
Fourteen rhesus monkeys, aged 1 to 24 years, underwent permanent implantation of a bipolar stimulating electrode into the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and complete unilateral or bilateral iridectomy.
Collectively, these results strengthen our hypothesis that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is not the site in which the selective, receptor-mediated pupillary effects of morphine are initiated..
We propose that redilation primarily involves parasympathetic relaxation, modulated by cholinergic inhibition of the dilator muscle and central sympathetic inhibition of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus..
Complete recovery from induced refractive errors was achieved even when accommodation had been abolished by lesions of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Labeled neurons were first noted in the CNS at 4 days postinoculation in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, ipsilateral spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars caudalis, pars interpolaris, and ipsilateral dorsal horn of the rostral cervical spinal cord.
A series of experiments in monkeys using the fluorescent tracer substances Fast Blue and Nuclear yellow as well as wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injected into the ciliary ganglion has demonstrated labeling in 3 distinct regions of the mesencephalon: (1) anterior median nucleus; (2) Edinger-Westphal nucleus; and (3) the nucleus of Perlia. Further it was shown that the caudal extent of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus reaches the level of the central caudal nucleus of the somatic complex and that the lateral visceral column divided into a major and accessory column at the junction of the middle and posterior one-third of the somatic complex..
Conduction time from the caudal Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the postganglionic ciliary nerve was about 1.8 ms, whereas that to the iris sphincter muscle was about 6.5 ms.
The intense labeling of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and more generally the presence of CCK mRNA in the periaqueductal gray and thalamus ventrobasal nuclei could account for the various effects of CCK in pain transmission..
The authors also revealed the isolated multipolar neurons in the periaqueductal gray, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and the fibre bundles of the oculomotor nerve. The parasympathetic Edinger-Westphal nucleus usually consisted of the rostral, ventral and dorsal parts, which contained from 8 to 283 neurons per section.
SPLI cell bodies were seen in the oculomotor nucleus; the possibility that this may be the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is discussed.
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish was identified by retrograde labeling from the ciliary ganglion.
After injections of CT confined to the Mc, we found that the major afferents to the Mc arise from: (1) the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the anterior commissure, the preoptic area, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the posterior hypothalamus, and the nucleus of the fields of Forel; (2) the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal grey; (3) the nuclei locus coeruleus alpha (LC alpha), peri-LC alpha, locus subcoeruleus, and reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis; (4) the caudal raphe nuclei; and (5) the nucleus reticularis ventralis of the medulla.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
In the brainstem, PHA-L-labeled fibers and their terminals were observed in the medial reticular formation, the cranial motor nuclei (III, IV, V, VI, VII, XII), the vestibular complex, the LC complex, the raphe nuclei, the periaqueductal gray, the red nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal.
Ciliary ganglionectomy in the cynomolgus monkey produced loss of the accommodative response to electrical stimulation of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and to topical eserine, concurrent with enhanced responsiveness to topical and systemic pilocarpine.
A homolog of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of other vertebrates is described in two species of serranid basses of the genus Paralabrax, a group possessing a wide range of ocular accommodation but lacking a pupillary reflex to light. The existence of a discrete Edinger-Westphal nucleus devoted largely to accommodation makes Paralabrax a good model system for the further tracing of central accommodation control pathways..
It has contralateral projections to the area pretectalis, the nucleus Campi Foreli, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the cerebellum, and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Fusiform midline cells of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus were also labeled, as well as a number of cells in the adjacent somatic portion of the oculomotor complex (OMC).
The Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the adjacent somatic oculomotor nucleus contained cells which projected separately to the spinal cord or the vestibular complex, and the superior colliculus contained cells which projected separately to the contralateral spinal cord or the contralateral inferior olive.
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