In turn, it projects to the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus and lateral nucleus of the valvula. The posterior pretectal nucleus and the parvocellular superficial pretectal nucleus receive afferents from the ipsilateral nucleus isthmi. 
Calretinin immunoreactive neurons were found in the telencephalon (lateral nucleus of ventral telencephalic area), diencephalon (around the medial forebrain bundle, lateral tuberal nucleus, central pretectal nucleus, posterior periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, medial preglomerular nucleus, diffuse nucleus of the inferior lobe), mesencephalon (nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle, ventral nucleus of the semicircular torus), cerebellum (valvula cerebelli, eurydendroid cells) and rhombencephalon (secondary gustatory nucleus, isthmic nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, medial auditory nucleus of the medulla, medial and inferior reticular formation, anterior, descending, posterior and tangential octaval nuclei).
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is part of the cortico-basal ganglia (BG)-thalamocortical circuit, whereas the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL) is a relay nucleus in the cerebello-dentato-thalamocortical (CTC) pathway.
A large number of cells of the lateral nucleus of the valvula project to wide regions of the cerebellum, including the valvula, the corpus, the granular eminences, and the caudal lobe, whereas the contralateral inferior olive and scattered reticular cells project only to the corpus and valvula cerebelli.
In the cerebellum, retrogradely labeled neurons occurred at the lateral nucleus. Injections of BDA into the periaqueductal gray, red nucleus or lateral nucleus of the cerebellum resulted in anterograde labeling in the VLMlat and lateral reticular nucleus.The present study gives an account of the brain regions putatively involved in triggering the modulatory actions elicited from the VLMlat.
The cerebellum contains three deep nuclei, i.e., the fastigial, interposed and lateral nucleus. The studies related to the role of the interposed and lateral nucleus in eupneic breathing are limited and the results appear controversial.
NA application depressed the neuronal firing rate more in the medial nucleus (MN) than in the interpositus (IN) and in the lateral nucleus (LN).
The ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and the ventral lateral nucleus pars oralis (VLo) contained a greater density of pallidal labeling while a greater density of cerebellar label was observed more caudally in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus pars oralis (VPLo) as well as in nucleus X (X). However, interdigitating foci of pallidal and cerebellar label were also observed particularly in the ventral lateral nucleus pars oralis (VLo) and the ventral lateral nucleus pars caudalis (VLc).
In RMN, many neurons exhibited definite alpha(1A) subunit-staining in the medial nucleus, interposed nucleus, and lateral nucleus of deep cerebellar nuclei.
The present study was undertaken to analyze the effects on unitary activity of inferior olive (IO) neurons elicited by activation of cerebellar lateral nucleus (LN), in rats submitted to the chronic destruction of MDJ structures, i.e.
After localized injection of BDA into the Mx, labeled CT axons were found ipsilaterally in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), the ventroanterior-ventrolateral complex (VA-VL), the central lateral nucleus (CL), the central medial nucleus, and the centromedian nucleus, but with the primary focus in the VA-VL.
Imagery of pain uniquely activated the somatosensory area, and areas in the left insula and bilaterally in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus.
Surprisingly, area 3a receives the majority of its input from thalamic nuclei associated with the motor system, posterior division of the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL), the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), and intralaminar nuclei including the central lateral nucleus (CL) and the centre median nucleus (CM). The indirect input from the cerebellum and basal ganglia via the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus supports its role in proprioception.
We have examined a cerebello-thalamo-striatal pathway from the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) to the laterodorsal part of the striatum (LDS) through the central lateral nucleus (CL) using light and electron microscopy through the employment of a combination of anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques.
The author suggests that the ventrolateral part of the caudal medial pallidal segment (GPi) and the ventromedial part of the GPi are linked directly to these areas by ways of the oral part of ventral lateral nucleus (VLo) and the ventral part of the parvicellular part of ventral anterior nucleus (VApc), respectively.
A stimulating electrode was sequentially placed into the fastigial nucleus (FN), the interposed nucleus, and the lateral nucleus.
The present study was carried out with the aim to observe whether, in the rat, the electric activation of the projection form the cerebellar lateral nucleus (LN) to the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) and to the reticulotegmental nucleus (RtTg) is capable to induce the c-Fos expression.
This study examined organization of the projection from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum to the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) of the thalamus in Macaca mulatta.
The cerebellar nuclei primarily projected to posterior (VLp), medial (VLx), and dorsal (VLd) divisions of the ventral lateral nucleus; the pallidum largely projected to the anterior division (VLa) of the ventral lateral nucleus and the parvocellular part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VApc).
Labeled terminals were seen in the hilus and the ventral part of the lateral nucleus.
The proportion of cells in each category was found to vary between each of the cerebellar-receiving [ oral portion of the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPLo) and area X] and basal-ganglia-receiving [ oral portion of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLo) and parvocellular portion of the ventral anterior nucleus (VApc)] nuclei that were examined.
We found that the SMA thalamocortical neurons occupied a wide band extending from the ventral anterior nucleus pars principalis (VApc) through the ventral lateral nucleus pars oralis (VLo) and the ventral lateral nucleus pars medialis (VLm) and into to the ventral lateral nucleus pars caudalis (VLc) including a portion of ventral posterior lateral nucleus pars oralis (VPLo) and nucleus X.
Following injections to the various regions of the left (FB) and right (DY) PML cortex, double labelled neurones were found mainly in the dorsolateral nucleus (DL) and peduncular nucleus (PD), and in less number in the paramedian nucleus (PM) and lateral nucleus (L).
Finally, from PD21 until adulthood, expression of PST mRNA was restricted to the PC layer of the hippocampus proper, the GCL of the dentate gyrus, the AVNT, the GCL of the cerebellum and the dorsal and lateral nucleus of the anterior olfactory bulb.
The neurons that project to the FEFsem are distributed in (1) the rostral portion of the ventral lateral nucleus, pars caudalis, (2) the caudal portion of the ventral lateral nucleus, pars caudalis, (3) the mediodorsal nucleus, (4) the ventral anterior nucleus, pars parvocellularis, and (5) the ventral anterior nucleus, pars magnocellularis.
The distribution of different types of terminals on different portions of single thalamocortical neurons (TCNs) was quantitatively investigated in the cat ventral lateral nucleus (VL) by the application of computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction from serial ultrathin sections.
A small number of labeled terminals were consistently seen in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus and the dorsolateral hump region.
In the present study, we investigated whether a dorsal thalamic region comparable to the motor part of the mammalian ventral tier (the ventral anterior nucleus, the ventral lateral nucleus, and the oral ventroposterolateral nucleus) exists in pigeon.
High expression of alpha 1b-AR mRNA was noted in the pineal gland, most thalamic nuclei, lateral nucleus of the amygdala and dorsal and median raphe nuclei.
These precerebellar nuclei, in turn, receive a feedback projection from the cerebellar nuclei, which mostly originate in the lateral nucleus (LN).
The neuronal loss in the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus was predominant on the right side, while in the cerebellum, a quantitative study revealed the contralateral predominance of the neuronal loss in the dentate nuclei and torpedo formation, with preserved Purkinje cells.
The present study was carried out to determine whether, in the rat, the electric activation of the projection from the cerebellar lateral nucleus (LN) to the accessory oculomotor nuclei (AON; nucleus of posterior commissure, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, interstitial nucleus of Cajal) is capable of inducing c-fos expression.
Relationships among cerebellar terminals (CTs), dendrites of thalamocortical projection neurons (TCNs), and dendrites of local circuit neurons in the ventral lateral nucleus of the cat thalamus were analyzed quantitatively by observing several series of serial ultrathin sections and by using a computer-assisted program for the three-dimensional reconstruction from serial ultrathin sections. However, they rarely had a glomerulus-like appearance, as described previously in the ventral lateral nucleus and other main thalamic relay nuclei. These results provide the quantitative assessment of synaptic arrangements among CTs, presynaptic dendrites, and TCN dendrites and reveal their spatial interrelations in the cat ventral lateral nucleus..
Terminals of cerebellar afferents (CB) to different regions of the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) of the rhesus monkey thalamus were labeled with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase following injections into the dentate nucleus.
We found dense single label in the central portion of the ventral anterior nucleus pars principalis (VApc) and the ventral lateral nucleus pars oralis (VLo) following the GPi injections or in the central portion of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus pars oralis (VPLo) and nucleus X (X) following the cerebellar nuclei injections. The pallidothalamic territory included VApc, VLo, and the ventral lateral nucleus pars caudalis (VLc), with the density of these projections decreasing along an anterior to posterior gradient in the thalamus.
In axial view, the anterior commissure has the shape of bicycle handlebars, coursing posteriorly, inferiorly and laterally behind the head of the caudate nucleus and passes into the lateral nucleus of the globus pallidus into the inferior and middle temporal gyri.
In the vestibular nuclei complex the location of the tertiary branches of various end-organs exhibited considerable overlap within the major vestibular nuclei (SN, superior nucleus; LN, lateral nucleus; MN, medial nucleus; DN, descending nucleus).
No labeled terminals were seen in the caudomedial subdivision and the dorsolateral protuberance of the medial nucleus, the dorsolateral hump region and the lateral nucleus.
The pathway arises from all four cerebellar nuclei on the contralateral side; mainly from the posterior interpositus nucleus and lateral nucleus and to a lesser extent from the medial nucleus and anterior interpositus nucleus. Those arising from the anterior interpositus nucleus and the lateral nucleus terminate mainly in the superficial zone of layer IV in the rostral three-fourths of the contralateral superior colliculus. In addition, the fibers from the lateral nucleus terminate densely in a zone extending from the deep part of layer III through layer VII in the lateral portion of the rostral half of the superior colliculus.
Terminals from the lateral nucleus were found to be located most medially in the thalamus, predominantly in the ventral lateral nucleus and the rostral pole of the posterior nuclear group. Terminals from the posterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the lateral nucleus, mainly around the border between the ventral lateral nucleus and the ventral posterior medial nucleus. Terminals from the anterior interposed nucleus were located slightly rostral and lateral to those from the posterior interposed nucleus, predominantly in the rostral pole of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus.
In addition, monosynaptic excitations induced by the stimulation of cerebellar lateral nucleus were abolished by microiontophoretic application of DNQX, but not of 2APV.
The interposed nuclei receive additional projections from the nucleus raphe magnus, whereas the lateral nucleus receives additional projections from the superior central nucleus.
With the aim to evaluate a possible neocerebellar control on eye movements, the projections from the cerebellar lateral nucleus (LN) to the accessory oculomotor nuclei (i.e., the nucleus of posterior commissure, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal), the putative neurotransmitters subserving this pathway, and the nature of the synaptic influences exerted by these projections were studied in adult rats.
Only the lateral nucleus of the habenula was stained, and with strong intensity.
For instance, mGluR1 occurs in the apparent absence of IP3R in neurons of the stratum oriens of the CA1 hippocampus, islands of Calleja, anterodorsal nucleus of thalamus, lateral nucleus of hypothalamus, and the granular cell layer and the deep nuclei of cerebellum.
Following tritiated amino acid injections into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and WGA-HRP injections into the contralateral cerebellar nuclei, we found that the nigrothalamic and cerebellothalamic afferents distribute to three main targets: the central portion of the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and the ventral lateral nucleus (VL), the internal medullary lamina (IML) region, which includes the paralaminar VA, the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and the central lateral nucleus (CL), and finally the ventromedial nucleus (VM).
Thus, the medio-caudal subdivision projects to the pontine nuclei, the prerubral field and the central lateral nucleus.
The responses of these two types of nociceptively identified cells were tested following cerebellar lateral nucleus stimulation (Lat.N.S.) utilizing several current intensities.
The goal of this study was to investigate the motor organization of monkey nucleus interpositus (NI) and neighboring regions of the lateral nucleus (NL) by correlating discharge of single neurons with active movements.
Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed ipsilaterally in the lateral nucleus of the valvula and contralaterally in the inferior olivary nucleus after HRP injection into all parts of the lateral valvula.
The rostrolateral part of the ventral paraflocculus projected only to the lateral nucleus, and the caudomedial part projected only to the posterior interpositus nucleus. The lateral, medial, rostral, and caudal parts of each sublobule tended to project to the ventral, dorsal, rostral, and caudal regions within the caudoventral part of the lateral nucleus, respectively, despite massive overlap in the individual terminal fields.
On the other hand, non-dopaminergic fibers projecting from the ventral tegmental area to the deep cerebellar nuclei were seen to terminate mainly in the lateral nucleus, to a lesser extent in the interpositus nucleus, but not at all in the medial nucleus.
We examined the effects of electric stimulation of the cerebellar lateral nucleus (LN) in the rat on the activity of single pontocerebellar neurons in the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) and the reticulotegmental nucleus (RtTg).
These CR neurons were located in the oral portion of the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPLo), in caudal portions of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLc), and in area X. These PR neurons were located in rostral portions of VLc, in the oral part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLo), and in the parvicellular part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VApc).
Medium-intensity reactions were observed in layer II pyramidal cells of the frontal cortex, the CA1 cells of the hippocampus, the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra, lateral reticular nucleus, and spinal fifth nucleus.
Thus, the somatic pretectum appears to receive input primarily from neurons in the anterior interpositus nucleus, along with some input from neurons in the lateral nucleus.
KA binding sites were found at only two sites along the electrosensory afferent pathways: (1) in the molecular layer of the electrosensory lateral line lobe, associated with a feedback pathway emanating from granule cells of the overlying cerebellum, and (2) in the lateral nucleus praeminentialis dorsalis, associated with a descending pathway emanating from the torus semicircularis.
Injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the parvocellular reticular formation resulted in labeled neurons in the dorsolateral protuberance of the contralateral medial nucleus and bilaterally in the dorsolateral hump region and the large celled subgroup of the lateral nucleus. No labeled neurons were observed in the caudomedial portion of the medial nucleus or the small-celled region of the lateral nucleus..
Stimulation of the interpositus or the lateral nucleus of the cerebellum before decortication, as reported in intact animals, induced two distinct types of response in the frontal motor and parietal association cortices respectively.
In the cerebellar nuclei, portions of the medial nucleus and magnocellular portion of the lateral nucleus had moderately dense networks of immunoreactive fibers, whereas loose networks of fibers were observed in the posterior interposed nucleus.
Both species have ipsilateral input to the valvula from the central pretectal and dorsal accessory optic nuclei, the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, the lateral nucleus of the valvula, the perilemniscal nucleus, and nucleus isthmi and contralateral input from the inferior olivary nucleus. The topographical order of the cerebellopetal projections of the lateral nucleus of the valvula and inferior olive is also described, as are differential inputs to various subdivisions of the cerebellum in the two species.
The rostral IPL differs from the caudal IPL in that the intrapeduncular nucleus receives projections only from rostral regions, while the lateral nucleus receives projections preferentially from caudal regions.
The hamster displayed a different pattern of labelling including cells in the periventricular gray, the pontine reticular tegmental nucleus, the A-5 region, the medial vestibular complex, the prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, the parvicellular reticular nucleus, the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, the raphe obscuras, the lateral reticular nucleus, and the lateral nucleus of the cerebellum.
Following injections of one tracer into the central lateral nucleus of the thalamus (CL) and the other into the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (DAO), distributions of labeled neurons in the PTA were observed.
Following unilateral injection in the ventral midbrain tegmentum of horseradish peroxidase, free or conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin, sparing the red nucleus, retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the contralateral cerebellar lateral nucleus and, at lower density, in the interpositus nucleus.
Neurons with a moderate AldDG activity predominate in the superior olivary complex, nucleus of the lateral loop, parabrachial (pigmented) mesencephalic nucleus and reticular lateral nucleus.
The responses of the medial part of the lateral nucleus to peripheral signals are described, as well as neuronal responses of the lateral nucleus to impulses from the association parietal cortex..
Aspartate-containing cells in the medial, interpositus and lateral nucleus were surrounded by GABA-like immunoreactive terminals, thereby suggesting the modulation of aspartate-containing neurons by GABA-ergic fibers from Purkinje cells..
The projection to the cerebellar lateral nucleus was shown to be the most pronounced among pontine nuclear projections.
Temporal characteristics of responses of the lateral nucleus neurons to electrocutaneous stimulation of limbs was studied in alert cats. Spinal afferent input to lateral nucleus neurons was found to exist. The somatosensory signals to the lateral nucleus neurons in alert cats seem to be conducted mainly via pathways involving brainstem structures and not the cerebellar cortex..
The cerebellothalamic projections from all cerebellar nuclei including the fastigial nucleus are targeted primarily to the ventral lateral nucleus both contra- and ipsilaterally.
Although termination was found in all the CCN, it was most pronounced in the lateral nucleus and the lateral aspect of the posterior interposed nucleus. The projection of the NRTP to the ventrocaudal part of the lateral nucleus was found in conjunction with a projection to the ventrolateral part of the posterior interposed nucleus.
In the lateral nucleus of normal rats, around 14-28 pyknotic cells per 1,000 live cells occurred from day 2 to day 12.
Hence, caudal regions of the lateral nucleus send fibers dorsally at the rubral level, rostral regions project ventrally.
After implantations restricted to the lateral cerebellar nucleus in 5 cats altogether two labelled cells were found in the contralateral pontine nuclei in regions receiving afferents from the lateral nucleus.
There was a sparse projection to the ipsilateral ventral lateral nucleus. The contralateral projection to the ventral medial and ventral lateral nuclei was marked by dense clusters of label ventral to the internal medullary lamina extending, in the dorsal ventral lateral nucleus, to its rostral pole.
The corticonuclear fibers to the dorsolateral hump and lateral nucleus originate from the medial and lateral portions of the lateral cortex, respectively..
In the diencephalon, gracile fibers leave the MLLC and form a crescentlike terminal field along the extreme lateral border of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus.
From the cerebellar nuclei, the contralateral lateral nucleus and the caudal third of both (ipsi and contralateral) medial cerebellar nuclei were the origin of afferents to the VMP.
The labeled terminals appeared almost exclusively in the lateral nucleus and rarely in the interpositus nucleus. After HRP injection into the lateral nucleus, the number of labeled cells was significantly large in the pontine nuclei, but fairly small in the reticular or vestibular nuclei. These results indicate that the pontine nuclei and the principal olive provide major afferent inputs to the lateral nucleus, whereas the reticular nuclei, the vestibular nuclei and the accessory olives are the major afferent sources to the interpositus nucleus..
A particular emphasis is put on the different projections from the various subnuclear regions of the lateral nucleus. A comparison is attempted with the situation in the primates, particularly with regard to the question of the parvocellular subdivision of the lateral nucleus..
Fibers from the lateral nucleus cover most of the NRTP, except its medial, parvocellular portion. In the pontine gray proper, fibers from the lateral nucleus are distributed to three rostrocaudally oriented columns: (i) in the medial nucleus, (ii) in the ventral nucleus, and (iii) in the dorsolateral and lateral nuclei. The projection is topographically arranged, so that caudal parts of the lateral cerebellar nucleus tend to project to more rostral regions than rostral parts of the lateral nucleus.
Smaller numbers were found in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the lateral nucleus of the superior olive, and the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum.
The thalamic nucleus ventralis oralis posterior (V.o.p) of Saimiri sciureus corresponds to the posterior basal part of the ventral lateral nucleus and is characterized by medium-sized nerve cells.
Somatostatin fibres are found in the periventricular, ventromedial and lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus.
(2) Vestibular nuclear complex--secondary vestibular fibers come from discrete areas in the vestibular nuclei: the ventromedial and dorsomedial parts of the medial and inferior nucleus, the central area of the superior nucleus, the ventromedial part of the lateral nucleus, the group y and the interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve.
The canine ventral lateral nucleus was defined on the basis of Nissl cytoarchitecture, acetylthiocholinesterase (AChE) chemoarchitecture, and the distribution of cerebellar afferents.
Each of the deep cerebellar nuclei also projects to the central lateral nucleus of the intralaminar complex.
Projections from the interpositus complex exclusive of its posterior division were fewer and less widely distributed than those from the lateral nucleus.
In reeler mutants, there seems to be an abnormal development of the architectonics of the lateral nucleus.
In the group of rats lesioned on the 2nd day about 30% of cells in the lateral nucleus and 20% in the interpositus nuclei are labelled retrogradely by the fluorescent tracer injected in the aberrant ipsilateral projection area.
In the conscious rat, lisuride produced dose-dependent (0.05-0.5 mg/kg s.c.) increases of glucose utilization in the cerebellar gray structures (lobule of culmen, vermian lobule, uvula, cerebellar hemisphere) and the lateral nucleus of the thalamus.
Although the lateral nucleus does not contribute to the cerebello-tectal projection, it projects profusely to the pretectum contralaterally. The origin of the cerebello-pretectal projection lies in the parvicellular part of the lateral nucleus.
Uptake of 2DG increased on the left side of the brain during right MI stimulation in the left lateral nucleus (NL) of cerebellum and in several discrete regions of left cerebellar hemisphere granule cells including anterior paravermis, lobulus simplex, crus II, and the paramedian lobule.
in the dorsomedial part of the lateral nucleus, as well as some others located medially, i.e.
Areas with very high grain densities are the granule cell layer of the cerebellum, external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb and nuclei of the thalamus, such as the ventral nucleus, lateral nucleus and dorsal geniculate body.
Thus, the dorsolateral nucleus has a heavy projection to lobule VII, besides modest projections to lobules VI, VIII, and IX, crus I and II, paraflocculus, and paramedian lobule. For example, lobule VII receives heavy projections from parts of the dorsolateral, peduncular, and paramedian nuclei, less heavy projections from the lateral part of the lateral nucleus, and some from other parts of the pontine nuclei.
The lateral nucleus also projects to the rostral part of the ipsilateral superior colliculus.
The structural plan of the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VLP) in the rat was analyzed by using a variety of techniques to study the pattern of distribution of the ascending afferent fibers and the synaptology of the neuropil within this somatosensory relay nucleus. Input from the spinal cord projects to two segregated zones which are transitional between the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) and VPL rostrally and between the posterior thalamic complex (PO) and VPL caudally.
Within the rostral ventral tier nuclei fastigiothalamic terminations were localized in the medial parts of the ventral medial and ventral lateral nuclei, whereas dentatothalamic projections were concentrated in the lateral parts of the ventral medial nucleus and the medial half of the ventral lateral nucleus. Terminations from the posterior interpositus nucleus were observed ventrally and laterally within the caudal two-thirds of the ventral medial nucleus and throughout the ventral lateral nucleus, where they were densest in the lateral part of its lateral wing and within the central part of its cap. The anterior interpositus nucleus also projected to the central and lateral parts of the ventral lateral nucleus, but these terminations were considerably less dense than those from the posterior interpositus.
Rather there are longitudinally oriented strips of terminal labeling which extend through all divisions of the ventral lateral nucleus, i.e., the VLps, the VLc, the VLo, as well as nucleus X, the oral division of the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPLo), the central lateral nucleus (CL), and the most caudal region of the ventral anterior nucleus (VA).
The medial and lateral cuneate nuclei supply axons to the anterior lobe, the paramedian lobule and the pyramis of the cerebellum and the lateral nucleus provides an additional projection to the uvula.
The anatomical findings show a further group of branching neurons in the lateral nucleus at the border with the interpositus nuclei.
Neurons of the lateral nucleus exhibited no modulation during fictitious scratching..
At the level of the isthmus there is a lateral nucleus composed of large catecholaminergic cells with prominent fluorescent axons and its possible homology with the locus coeruleus is considered.
Lesions involving the lateral aspect of the vermal cortex produce degeneration in the vestibular complex, primarily its lateral nucleus, and in the NIP.
Electron microscopic analysis indicated that Purkinje cell axon terminals contact 30% or more of the somatic surface of principal neurons of the lateral nucleus of the normal cerebellum, but only about 2% of the corresponding sites in the pcd cerebellum.
The latencies of the potentials, similarity in shape and in depth of reversion suggest that the cerebello-cortical responses in the pericruciate cortex are mediated through the thalamic ventro-lateral nucleus making synapses in III-IV cortical layers while responses in the parietal cortex--through the thalamic ventral anterior nucleus making synapses in more superficial layers..
The populations of neurons in the nucleus interpositus (IP) of the cat cerebellum which project to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL), the red nucleus (RN), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), the pontine nuclei (PN), the inferior olive (IO), and the cerebellar cortex were identified by intracellular and extracellular injections of HRP and studied electrophysiologically.
Axons from the cerebellar cortex distribute mainly to vestibular areas which receive no primary afferent projections, e.g., the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus, the dorsolateral margin of the inferior vestibular nucleus as well as cell groups comparable to "f" and "x." In contrast, fastigial fibers show considerable overlap with primary vestibular input, particularly in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus, the central part of the inferior nucleus and the medial nucleus. In Part I of our study we have shown that the major targets of primary vestibular fibers are the central part of the superior nucleus, a portion of the parabrachial complex possibly comparable to subnucleus "y"," the ventral part of the lateral nucleus and the medial nucleus. This same region of the lateral nucleus projects to the spinal cord, but not to extraocular nuclei. The ventral part of the lateral nucleus, and perhaps the medial nucleus, also relay to the spinal cord.
A very narrow midline area which appears to project bilaterally to the NM, a wider intermediate area (homologous to zone A) related to the ipsilateral NM, and a lateral area (homologous to zone B) related mainly to the ipsilateral vestibular complex, primarily its lateral nucleus.
HRP was injected by pressure from glass capillary micropipettes unilaterally into the lateral nucleus of rat so as to encompass the entire nucleus, but without spread into the interpositus nuclei. The cells of origin of the afferents to the lateral nucleus were studied after retrograde transport of the HRP. The inferior olive gives a large crossed olivo-lateral nucleus projection and a minor uncrossed input. The rostral portion of the lateral reticular nucleus gives a small crossed and uncrossed projection while the perihypoglossal nuclei and the dorsal parabrachial body give crossed afferents to the lateral nucleus. The limitations of the HRP method for detecting subtle local differences in the distribution of afferents within the heterogeneous groups of neurons in the lateral nucleus are discussed..
The respective areas responsive to the medial, interpositus and lateral nucleus stimulation overlapped considerably each other in the motor cortex.
No projection was found to the lateral nucleus (L).
Single shock stimulation of the interpositus (IP) and lateral nucleus (LN) of the cerebellum, brachium conjunctivum (BC), red nucleus (RN) and cerebral peduncle (CP) induced monosynaptic EPSPs in the NRTP neurones.
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